# Practical Neurology

> Clinical neurology news, CME, case reports, and educational series across all neurology subspecialties.

## About

- AI guide: [/ai.md](https://practicalneurology.com/ai.md) (site identity, usage policy, FAQ)

## Sections

- [Diseases & Diagnoses](https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses.md): Content organized by neurology subspecialty
- [CME](https://practicalneurology.com/cme.md): Accredited continuing medical education activities
- [Case Reports](https://practicalneurology.com/case-reports.md): Real clinical cases and discussions
- [Archives](https://practicalneurology.com/archives.md): Full content archive

## Recent articles

- [Atogepant Meets Primary Endpoint in Phase 3 Menstrual Migraine Trial](https://practicalneurology.com/news/atogepant-meets-primary-endpoint-in-phase-3-menstrual-migraine-trial/2488429/): KEY TAKEAWAYS In the phase 3 LUNA trial, adults with menstrual migraine treated with atogepant for 7 days around menses showed greater reductions in perimenstrual migraine days than those receiving placebo. Treatment with atogepant met the primary endpoint and all 8 ranked second
- [Novel Nanobody Treatment for gMG Associated with Improved Function and Muscle Strength](https://practicalneurology.com/news/gefurulimab-treatment-associated-with-improved-daily-function-and-muscle-strength-in-generalized-myasthenia-gravis/2488413/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Treatment with gefurulimab was associated with significant improvements in daily function and muscle strength vs placebo in adults with anti–acetylcholine receptor antibody–positive (AChR+) generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), meeting all primary and secondary endpo
- [Study Results Link Road Traffic Noise to Higher Risk of Parkinson Disease](https://practicalneurology.com/news/study-results-link-road-traffic-noise-to-higher-risk-of-parkinson-disease/2488403/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Long-term residential exposure to road traffic noise was associated with higher risk of Parkinson disease in a nationwide Danish cohort. Noise exposure at the least exposed residential facade, a potential proxy for quieter rooms or nighttime exposure, was also assoc
- [Milvexian Added to Antiplatelet Therapy Did Not Reduce Ischemic Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome](https://practicalneurology.com/news/milvexian-added-to-antiplatelet-therapy-did-not-reduce-ischemic-events-after-acute-coronary-syndrome/2488373/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The phase 3 LIBREXIA ACS trial was stopped for futility after an interim analysis. Treatment with milvexian did not reduce participants’ composite risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke compared with placebo. Rates of intracranial, i
- [Zilganersen Approved by FDA as First Treatment for People with Alexander Disease](https://practicalneurology.com/news/zilganersen-approved-by-fda-as-first-treatment-for-people-with-alexander-disease/2488351/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Zilganersen is the first FDA-approved treatment for pediatric and adult patients with Alexander disease. The antisense oligonucleotide is designed to reduce production of GFAP, which accumulates in individuals with Alexander disease. In a pivotal study, treatment wi
- [Real-World Data for Daybue Highlight Treatment Continuity in Young Children with Rett Syndrome](https://practicalneurology.com/news/real-world-data-for-daybue-highlight-treatment-continuity-in-young-children-with-rett-syndrome/2488318/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Approximately two-thirds of children aged 2 to 4 years with Rett syndrome remained persistent on trofinetide treatment during available follow-up. Among children who were nonpersistent, 14.5% restarted trofinetide after a treatment gap. Baseline dysphagia, gastrosto
- [Valiltramiprosate Treatment Associated With Biomarker Changes in People With APOE4-Linked Early Alzheimer Disease](https://practicalneurology.com/news/valiltramiprosate-shows-biomarker-signal-in-apoe4-linked-early-alzheimer-disease/2488317/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Valiltramiprosate treatment reduced plasma p-tau217 and p-tau217/Aβ42 in APOE4/4 homozygotes with early Alzheimer disease, with the clearest effects observed in participants with mild cognitive impairment. In the phase 3 MCI subgroup, reductions in p-tau217 correlat
- [Novel BTK Inhibitor for Relapsing MS Investigated in Phase 3 Studies](https://practicalneurology.com/news/novel-btk-inhibitor-for-relapsing-ms-investigated-in-phase-3-studies/2488288/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Remibrutinib met the primary endpoint in the phase 3 REMODEL-1 and REMODEL-2 trials, significantly reducing annualized relapse rate vs teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Novartis reported superiority vs teriflunomide on key secondary endpoints in each tr
- [BIOTECanada Names 2026 Gold Leaf Award Recipients](https://practicalneurology.com/news/biotecanada-names-2026-gold-leaf-award-recipients/2488267/): KEY TAKEAWAYS BIOTECanada’s 2026 Gold Leaf Awards honor organizations and individuals across Canada’s biotechnology sector. BIOTECanada named Xenon Pharmaceuticals as its 2026 Biotech Company of the Year. Award recipients were selected by an independent committee of leaders from 
- [New AAN/AHS Migraine Prevention Guideline Updates Treatment Recommendations](https://practicalneurology.com/news/new-aanahs-migraine-prevention-guideline-updates-treatment-recommendations/2488258/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The AAN and AHS have issued an updated evidence-based framework for selecting preventive migraine treatment based on individual patient needs. Preventive treatment should be offered to adults with at least 4 migraine days or 4 moderate-to-severe headache days per mo
- [Tirzepatide Approved by FDA to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Adults with Diabetes](https://practicalneurology.com/news/tirzepatide-approved-by-fda-to-reduce-cardiovascular-risk-in-adults-with-diabetes/2488251/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The FDA expanded Mounjaro’s label for reducing risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. The approval was based on SURPASS-CVOT, a head-to-head cardiovascular outcomes trial comparing treatment with tirze
- [FDA Grants De Novo Authorization to Eyeglass Lenses for People with Episodic Migraine](https://practicalneurology.com/news/fda-de-novo-authorization-creates-clinical-pathway-for-migraine-light-sensitivity-lenses/2488235/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Avulux received FDA De Novo marketing authorization as a precision optical filter for light sensitivity associated with episodic migraine. The lenses are indicated for people aged 12 years and older with diagnosed episodic migraine. The device is intended to complem
- [FDA Clears the Elecsys pTau217 Blood Test to Aid in Alzheimer Disease Assessment](https://practicalneurology.com/news/fda-clears-the-elecsys-ptau217-blood-test-to-aid-in-alzheimer-disease-assessment/2488227/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The FDA cleared Elecsys pTau217, a blood-based test intended to aid in the assessment of amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer disease. The test is indicated for people aged 55 years and older with signs, symptoms, or complaints of cognitive decline. Elecsys p
- [Tavapadon for Early Parkinson Disease Shows Improvements in Motor and Daily Function in Phase 3 Study](https://practicalneurology.com/news/tavapadon-for-early-parkinson-disease-shows-improvements-in-motor-and-daily-function-in-phase-3-study/2488191/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Flexible-dose tavapadon met the primary endpoint in TEMPO-2, significantly improving combined MDS-UPDRS Parts II and III scores vs placebo at week 26. Secondary outcomes suggested benefit in measures of daily living and patient-reported global improvement. Adverse e
- [Leqembi IQLIK Autoinjector Now Available for Early Alzheimer Disease Treatment Initiation](https://practicalneurology.com/news/leqembi-iqlik-autoinjector-now-available-for-early-alzheimer-disease-treatment-initiation/2488183/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The Leqembi IQLIK autoinjector is now available in the United States for initiation therapy in adults with early Alzheimer disease. The subcutaneous autoinjector provides an alternative to intravenous lecanemab dosing from the start of therapy. The approved initiati
- [FDA Clears PrecivityAD2 Blood Test to Aid Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis](https://practicalneurology.com/news/fda-clears-precivityad2-blood-test-to-aid-alzheimer-disease-diagnosis/2488162/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The FDA cleared PrecivityAD2, a blood-based test intended to help identify amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer disease. The test is indicated for adults aged 40 years and older with signs or symptoms of cognitive impairment who are undergoing evaluation for 
- [Vyvgart Hytrulo Meets Primary Endpoint in Phase 3 Autoimmune Myositis Trial](https://practicalneurology.com/news/vyvgart-hytrulo-meets-primary-endpoint-in-phase-3-autoimmune-myositis-trial/2488160/): KEY TAKEAWAYS The phase 3 ALKIVIA clinical trial met its primary endpoint in the combined immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and dermatomyositis population. Vyvgart Hytrulo-treated participants had a 15.4-point greater mean Total Improvement Score improvement at week 52 compare
- [Wearable Platform Cleared for Parkinson Disease Symptom Monitoring](https://practicalneurology.com/news/wearable-platform-cleared-for-parkinson-disease-symptom-monitoring/2488145/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Empatica received FDA 510(k) clearance for its Health Monitoring Platform for Parkinson’s. The wearable platform provides longitudinal measures of bradykinesia, dyskinesia, tremor, sleep, medication compliance, and other Parkinson disease management parameters. Empa
- [Ingrezza Improved Quality of Life and Daily Function in People with Tardive Dyskinesia](https://practicalneurology.com/news/ingrezza-improves-quality-of-life-and-daily-function-in-tardive-dyskinesia/2488103/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Patient-reported tardive dyskinesia impact improved by 8.0 points at week 24, exceeding the established threshold for clinically meaningful change. Clinician-rated movement severity improved beyond the threshold for clinically meaningful change, including among part
- [Midlife Vascular Risk Factors Linked to 12.6 Fewer Dementia-Free Years](https://practicalneurology.com/news/midlife-vascular-risk-factors-linked-to-126-fewer-dementia-free-years/2488102/): KEY TAKEAWAYS Adults with hypertension, diabetes, and current smoking in midlife averaged 17.5 dementia-free years from age 55, compared with 30.1 years among those with none of these risk factors. Having all 3 risk factors was associated with a 2.69-fold higher hazard of dementi

## Recent segments

- [Could a Novel Oral Therapy Change How Clinicians Treat Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Insights From the SynAIRgy Trial](https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/sleep/could-a-novel-oral-therapy-change-how-clinicians-treat-obstructive-sleep-apnea-insights-from-the-synairgy-trial/68963/): In this episode, Patrick J. Strollo Jr, MD, FACP, FCCP, FAASM, of the University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, discusses the data from the phase 3 SynAIRgy clinical trial for AD109, an investigational once-nightly oral treatment targeting neuromuscular dys
- [Can We Delay Alzheimer's Symptoms Before They Begin? Inside the PrevenTRON Trial](https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/can-we-delay-alzheimers-symptoms-before-they-begin-inside-the-preventron-trial/67633/): Dr. Geoff Kerchner, Vice President and Global Head of Neurodegeneration at Roche, Basel, Switzerland, discusses the science behind PrevenTRON, a prevention study evaluating trontinemab in individuals with preclinical Alzheimer disease.
- [Subcutaneous Lecanemab for Early Alzheimer Disease: Evidence, Safety, and Patient Selection](https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/subcutaneous-lecanemab-for-early-alzheimer-disease-evidence-safety-and-patient-selection/67673/): Dr. Michael Irizarry, Senior Vice-President, Clinical Research, Eisai, Nutley, NJ, discusses the evidence supporting subcutaneous lecanemab for early Alzheimer disease, including dosing, amyloid clearance, and safety monitoring.
- [About the Cover Artist: Dialogical Perception-Martin Buber, 2020, by Paul Kolker, MD, JD](https://practicalneurology.com/archives/aug-2026/about-the-cover-artist-dialogical-perception-martin-buber-2020-by-paul-kolker-md-jd/67244/): Dr. Paul Kolker has built a career that is remarkable not only for its breadth but for the way it unites medicine, law, and art into a singular exploration of t
- [Medical-Legal Issues Facing Neurologists](https://practicalneurology.com/archives/aug-2026/medical-legal-issues-facing-neurologists/67243/): Medical-Legal Issues Facing Neurologists
- [Five Malpractice and Medical Liability Risks Every Neurologist Should Know](https://practicalneurology.com/archives/aug-2026/five-malpractice-and-medical-liability-risks-every-neurologist-should-know/67240/): Malpractice and medical liability remain significant concerns in neurology, but understanding common risk areas can help clinicians protect patients and their practices.
- [Medical-Legal Issues Related to the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Neurology Clinics](https://practicalneurology.com/archives/aug-2026/medical-legal-issues-related-to-the-use-of-generative-artificial-intelligence-in-neurology-clinics/67239/): As generative artificial intelligence becomes more prevalent, clinical neurologists should understand not only its promise but also its risks and implications for patient safety.
- [Physician Impairment, Disability Law, and Neurologic Disease: Navigating the ADA, Substance Use, and Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations](https://practicalneurology.com/archives/aug-2026/physician-impairment-disability-law-and-neurologic-disease/67238/): The Americans with Disabilities Act shapes physician impairment cases involving substance use disorders, neurologic disease, reasonable accommodations, medical board oversight, and return-to-practice decisions.
- [Epilepsy Essentials: Treatment and Outcomes of Functional Seizures—Review of the American Academy of Neurology Functional Seizures Management Guidelines](https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/epilepsy-essentials-treatment-and-outcomes-of-functional-seizures/67242/): The American Academy of Neurology evidence-based guidelines for the management of functional seizures can guide patient counseling and lead to improved outcomes.
- [Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Laws in Neurology: A Practical Guide for Clinicians](https://practicalneurology.com/archives/aug-2026/fraud-waste-and-abuse-laws-in-neurology/67241/): Understanding the False Claims Act, Anti-Kickback Statute, and compliance strategies can help neurologists reduce legal risk while supporting ethical, patient-centered care.